People Are Trapped in Ignorance - 899 Words

The â€Å"Learning to Read and Write† by Frederick Douglass, holds the same message that people are trapped in ignorance as Socrates tries to explain in â€Å"Allegory of the cave† by Plato. In the â€Å"Allegory of the Cave,† Socrates argues that the way people perceive the world around us and the way they lead our lives is actually not â€Å"truth.† Socrates describes people in a cave, their legs and necks are chained so that they cannot turn around. The only light is a fire burning behind them, and all prisoners can see is the shadows of the objects which appear on the walls. Socrates states, â€Å"The truth would be nothing but the shadows of the image† (Plato 480). Socrates then explains that if one of the prisoners is released and free to move and go out and discover the world, he cannot directly look at the light. His eyes would hurt. Socrates states, â€Å"At first, when any of them is liberated and compelled suddenly to stand up and turn h is neck round and walk and look towards the light, he will suffer sharp pains† (Plato 480). He then describes how the freed prisoner needs to get accustomed to the world. He at first would prefer reflections rather than real objects. He eventually gets used to the new world and wants to tell his friends, but the people in the cave think of him as a pariah who should be removed from the society, to preserve its belief system. Socrates’s point is that people are averse to any kind of change, and so they would kill him. According to Socrates, human beings areShow MoreRelatedIgnorance Is The Illusion Of Knowledge1213 Words   |  5 PagesIgnorance is Education The illusion of knowledge, as often as not, man is reluctance to admit that he may not know it all. Real knowledge is knowing the extent of ones ignorance as in what is actually known, as depicted in Plato’s, Allegory of the Cave and Frederick Douglass’ Learning to Read and Write. There always has and always will be conflict, whether it be social or interpersonal, but Sherry Turkle takes a different view in How Computers Change the Way We Think. As ignorance or education eternallyRead MoreHow Plato Uses the Myth of the Cave Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesUses the Myth of the Cave Could reality be the greatest special effect of all time? Since the 6th century B.C.E a growth in human knowledge and understanding had occurred and people began to question the world rd they lived in, these people were called philosophers. Thales, Anaximander, Anaximines, Pythagoras, Heraclitus and Socrates were all highly regarded intellectuals but one mans thoughts on the world stood out. Plato is probably the bestRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave1382 Words   |  6 Pagesthe enlightened prisoner finds his new eyes are ill suited for the cave and is viciously ridiculed by the other prisoners. This paper will first deconstruct the symbolism of the Allegory of the Cave and then argue that the symbolism between the ignorance of the Cave-World and the enlightenment of the visible world represents the educational struggle to discover that which is good between the empirical knowledge of the poets and the philosophical knowledge of the philosophers. The Allegory InterpretedRead MoreEssay on Matewan and Norma Rae922 Words   |  4 PagesMatewan and Norma Rae Theoretically, the characters of both Matewan, and Norma Rae take part in a capitalistic society. In both situations the people are partaking in a form of labor market, where they are selling their time and energy. However, the town of Matewan, governed by the Stone Mountain Coal Companies monopoly on the land and businesses, and isolated by distance and limited technology, as fallen into a feudalistic condition. Despite the fact that Norma Raes small hometown of AlabamaRead MoreAnalysis Of My Dungeon Shook By James Baldook731 Words   |  3 Pagesin turn, promotes the advancement of equality for black Americans. Consequently, Baldwin aims to enlighten white Americans of their blindness to racism and entrapment in the established American hierarchy, bringing to light how engagement in this ignorance perpetuates black Americans disadvantage in society. As a source of societal change for black Americans, Baldwin advocates love and acceptance toward white Americans. Moreover, he demons trates the threat of adopting white Americans preconceivedRead MoreBuddhism And Its Impact On Society Essay1263 Words   |  6 PagesIn the universe there s a galaxy, and in this galaxy there s the solar system, and in this solar system there is a planet earth, and in this planet earth lives 7 billion people. We are all the same but divided by key things; oceans and mountains, culture and society, but most important religions and beliefs. Out of the hundreds of practices and beliefs that make part of planet earth one of the most interesting form of religious practice is Buddhism. Buddhism is the practice of finding peace withinRead MorePlatos Allegory Of The Cave And The Matrix By The Wachowskis1557 Words   |  7 PagesPlato once said that, â€Å"Ignorance [is] the root and stem of all evil†. Ignorance is the cause of everything that is wrong and bad in the world since people are unable to see the truth. If people start breaking free from ignorance, mankind will become happier and more transparent. In the short story, â€Å"Allegory of The Cave† by Plato and The Matrix by the Wachowskis, they portray the idea that in order to gain enlightenment, one must break free from ignorance; which opens himself to knowledge; thisRead MoreAllegory of the Cave Summary and Response Essay698 Words   |  3 Pagestalking to Socrates. He has Glaucon imagine what it would be like to be chained down in a cave, not able to see anything other than what is in front of him. He tells a story of men that were trapped in a cave and were prisoners to the truth. Thes e prisoners have only seen shadows. But because of their ignorance, these slaves to the cave believe that the shadows are real. The story goes on to say that one of the men has been dragged out of the cave. He is not happy to see the real world, yet upset becauseRead MorePhilosophical Principals Exemplified in The Truman Show and in the Allegory of the Cave807 Words   |  4 Pageslived all their lives in seclusion, away from the outside world. In their immobile state, they can only look at the wall in front of them which is illuminated by a small fire that has been going on behind them. The wall constantly projects shadows of people passing by outside the cave going about their daily lives. The prisoners have never seen anything else, and they have never experienced the outside world, so they are content in what they have. Plato then, poses a problem of one prisoner escapingRead MoreAnalysis Of Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1379 Words   |  6 Pagesas the computer and television distract people from the natural world, and instead blinds them from reality. Fahrenheit 451 exposes the idea that mass visual media initiates problems of violence, unawareness, and ignorance. The advanced technology causes the people of society to stray farther away from reality, and they become trapped in their own world of unawareness. Thus, unlike in nature where everything is free, the advanced technology confines people within the boundaries that technology allows

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Free Essays

Psyc101 Psychological Disorders Schizotypal Personality Disorder The cluster A disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, is not to be confused with Schizophrenia. It is on the milder end of the spectrum but can still have extreme effects on one’s life and relationships. The disorder, which affects nearly 3% of the population, can be defined by several different behaviors and has many symptoms. We will write a custom essay sample on Schizotypal Personality Disorder or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unlike schizophrenia, the people with this disorder can acknowledge their behavior but still may not want or seek treatment. A person with schizotypal personality disorder will have trouble with interpersonal relationships and can display what is described as odd or unusual behavior. They are not comfortable in social settings or surrounded by groups of unknown people. Someone with this disorder will tend to be a loner especially if there are no immediate family members around. Due to a lack of social skills or feelings of inadequacy they may never marry nor have children because they cannot relate to others in a normal way. Often characterized by odd thinking and beliefs, paranoid thoughts, distorted perception and a lack of close friends, there are other symptoms as well. One may be prone to delusions or hallucinations, be superstitious or believe they have ESP (extrasensory perception). Persons may dress in abnormal ways such as mismatched clothes or dirty clothes and may not even attend to their personal hygiene. Individuals with this disorder feel so disconnected and distant from the rest of society that some of these symptoms arise as way for them to have something to cling to in hopes of being able related to something or someone. Therapy, including one on one, couple or group, and medication can be used to help someone with schizotypal personality disorder to function. Some of the therapies would require the person to interact and â€Å"bond† with the therapist in order to learn social skills such as trust. A therapist may also try to teach someone with the disorder how to correctly respond to people with actions or expressions and can try to alter their paranoid ideas to improve relational connections. Medications cannot treat the disorder, however, certain ones can help alter moods or treat symptoms of anxiety and depression. Individuals with a personality disorder such as Schizotypal may have odd or eccentric behaviors and isolate themselves from others. Many symptoms of this disorder cannot be treated with drugs and with urging people may not seek therapeutic forms of treatment. In conclusion, a person with this disorder can remain lonely and distant with little interaction with society and will never experience the joy and happiness of a â€Å"normal† life. Works Cited Mayo Clinic Staff. â€Å"Schixotypal Personality Disorder. † MayoClinic. com. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. October 8, 2010. Web. October 8, 2012. http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/schizotypa-personality-disorder/DS00830/ Minddisorders. com. Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders. n. d. Web. October 8, 2012. http://www. minddisorders. com/Py-Z/Schizotypal-personality-disorder. html How to cite Schizotypal Personality Disorder, Essay examples

Persuasive speech on coffee free essay sample

Alexus Arnold Professor Smith Speech 101 26 November 2013 Coffee Coinsurer The best part of waking up is Folgers in your cup! Waking Intro / Attention getter: up in the morning is hard enough. During the cold breezed winter morning youre battling your grogginess and the clock. The best way to get a start on your day is with a fresh, hot cup of coffee. Coffee is the hidden gem that your morning needs to get a jump start on a busy day. Its consumed everywhere and Judging by the amount of Starbucks locations, we love our caffeine! Coffee is the leading worldwide beverage after water and its trade exceeds US $10 billion worldwide. This is stated by National Institute of Food Science. Coffee has been criticized for being a caffeinated product but it has been proven healthier than we are lead to believe. Coffee stimulates your senses from the caffeine content which further stimulates mind and supports mental alertness and concentration. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive speech on coffee or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Coffee contains antioxidants and can contribute to preventing illnesses. And Last, Coffee can help with promoting longevity and healthy unctions of your body. Body l: Just the smell of a fresh brewed coffee can stimulate your senses and begin to relieve stress. As students we suffer from sleep deprivation. Studies have shown that those who were exposed to coffee aromas experienced release in proteins that are tied to stress. Caffeine can keep you Juiced when needing a boost of mental alertness. A cup before a test can also sharpen memory and keep you concentrated. A study done by the National Institute of Health found that Those ho drink four or more cups of coffee are found 10 % less likely to be depressed than those who have never tried coffee states Dr. Chen. Coffees mood-lifting effects might be traced to its antioxidants provided in the coffee bean. Body II: Research has shown that a cup of coffee naturally comes with antioxidants which are good for your body. Anti-oxidants that coffee contains offer some cardiovascular protection. Research is showing that it can also reduce the likelihood of developing diabetes. According to a study researchers found that people who drink coffee lower their chances of type 2 diabetes by 50% percent and with every cup it lowers by 7%. Science Daily reported in 2012 that Studies have shown that people who use caffeine are less likely to develop Parkinsons disease, but this is one of the first studies in humans to show that caffeine can help with movement symptoms for people who already have the disease (Ronald Postuma MD) persuasive speech on coffee By aarnoldl 992

Voodoo research paper Essay Example For Students

Voodoo research paper Essay Voodoo is a religion rich in heiratage and founded in faith and community. The religion has been villianized by western culture and has been wrongly protrayed as malignant and dangerous. The religion is not founded in any of the black magics or fear popularized by Hollywood films, but rather it is based on balance and tradition. The religion is not something which should be encountered with inhibition or fear induced from childhood horror stories, but embraced for it’s strength and history. Voodoo (also known as Vodun, Vodou, Umbanda, Quimbanda, and Candomble) originated as an amalgam of African religions during the slave trade. We will write a custom essay on Voodoo research paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As slaves were shipped from Africa to the Carribean and America, groups of slaves sharing a similier heretage were broken apart to prevent any since of community or bond between them. With no connection beyond the tortures of slavery, the slaves had little chance to establish any relationship to thier fellow captives. Hailing from lifestyles and cultures far removed from each other, the only opportunity for a common bond came from sharing their deep faiths. Though different religions, the intense faiths allowed an intellectual exchange and common bond. With several different religions present in any given group of slaves, the majority of slaves adapted by holding a service which accepted all lineages and respected all ancestreal lines of faith, both aspects being of primary concerns in African religions. These services were effective in blending the rites and practices of many religions into one combination religion. This adaption effectively created a new religion, Voodoo, which translates to spirit in several African languages. This new religion gave the slaves a since of alliance with their nieghboring slaves and, with that alliance, a since of community. This new found unity was viewed as a threat to the French and Brittish plantation owners of the newly settled colonies. As a means to quell the religious unity, the plantation owners forbid the practice of religion and punished slaves who attempted to pursue voodoo. Catholicism was presented as an alternative to the African-based but now independant and Carribean religion. Instead of accepting the Catholic religion, many slaves only incorperated it into the establishing Voodoo religion. Catholicism remains an important aspect of Voodoo, and many of it’s methods and rituals are currently practiced as Voodoo (this is especially accurate in Santeria, a Cuban based Voodoo). The punishments of practicing voodoo forced voodoo to remaine secretive until slavery itself died out. Voodoo became a myth among plantation owners and only to the surface once slaves or former slaves acquired a means to own property through the revolution of 1804. This revolution was spurred by Voodoo priest and priestesses who had worked in secracy and organized the slaves into an army. When the slaves overcame there oppressors voodoo became a publically accepted religion in the Carribean. In the three centuries of religious oppression, Voodoo became a symbol of pride and independence for the slaves. Any pride in a slave is of course regarded as a threat to the slave owner. Rumors of human sacrifice and devil worship became prevalent in the social circles of plantation owners and slave traders. These statements had no validity, but traveled quickly throughout Europe and America. The practicers of Voodoo embraced this fear as means to frighten their former masters and gain some respect in a world where they were deprived of everything. Former slave owners quickly found themselves duped into the beliefs of Voodoo dolls and hexes. This early means of freedom through fear is a reason Voodoo is still treated as a sinister religion. It is not that the Voodoo practice was frightening, but that that image was adopted as a means to assure it’s existance. No historical evidence of human sacrifice or affiliation with western principles of Satan has been discovered. Any affiliation with the occult has occured only recently with the Gothic movement in pop culture, and is not related with any orthadox Voodoo practices. Voodoo redeemed itself throughout the 1800’s with peaceful practice throughout the Carribean and Southern points in America. .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc , .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc .postImageUrl , .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc , .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc:hover , .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc:visited , .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc:active { border:0!important; } .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc:active , .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue93f973709df7a1b34811c36a71210dc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Monotheism Vs Polytheism Essay In 1884 S. St.James wrote the book Haiti or the Black Republic. This book possessed graphically described accounts of canabalism, human sacrifice, and the structured teachings of bad or black magic. St. James sources were the testimonies of voodoo priests who were tortured into these false confessions given during the times of revolution. St. James also used the written statements from the deposed plantation masters as accurate accounts as to why voodoo practicers were being executed. Though exagerated, and in some instances simply imagined, the book was widely distributed and read. As the American film industry emerged in the 1930’s, a wealth of horror stories pictured voodoo as a menacing culture. Voodoo, being practiced primarily by individuals without access to the American film society offered no resistance or information while these false protrayals were being made. It was not until the 1950’s that any information from legitimate studies emerged. Primary religions involved in the African aspect of Voodoo are Macumba and Candomble of the Yoruba people of Nigeria, and several now extinct tribes from the Congos and Cameroon. These religions lay the ground work for the course of religious ceremonies and contain the origins for the dieties worshipped in modern voodoo. Voodoo’s principle diety, Olorun (also known as Oloddumare) is the voodoo equivalent to the Christian God. Though the name can be trace to the Yoruba tribe, it is unknown if he is a rimnant of the Catholic involvement in voodoo. Obatala, is a composit of many tribes primary god. He is represented as the giver of life and creator of human kind. Obatala is subserviant to Olorun, but is said to have created the other, lesser Gods. For instance Eleggua, goddess of opportunity and Oya, goddess of fire and wind were both created by Obatala for humanity. In addition to containing the gods of many African cultures, voodoo also expresses the belief in minor spirits who watch or protect specific objects or occurances. Those who were created at the beginning of life are referred to as Rada, and are worshipped as members to the family of Gods. Individuals who lived great lives or led the voodoo followers are often praised and referred to as Petro. Many of the rulers who fought the slave traders in Africa and many of the priests who aided in the revolution have acquired this status. The voodoo culture has ordained the Catholic Saints in this way and acknowledge them as Petro. As Voodoo was founded in necessity, it is one of the more lineant religions in terms of tolerance of relationship with other religions. Voodoo’s belief that all things connect to ones soul stresses the importance to not cause harm. Voodouers, (those who practice voodoo) believe every act can be enjoyed, if not for the act itself, then for the pride or satisfaction one can take in the results of the act. For that fact no act can be considered unselfish and therefore it is most important to accept and spread happiness for the majority of mankind. Voodoo makes certain not to condemn those of other faiths, and does not attempt to disprove or replace any. The relationship with Jesus, the primary aspect of western religions, varies with the denominations of Voodoo. Most Voodoo denominations acknowledge his devine stature as the son of God. Current Voodoo converts are encouraged to retain their prestablished religions and add Voodoo as a means to enhance ones spirituality. Voodoo does not see itself as the Sola Fida, rather as a corallary to the other religions. Those who practice voodoo are avid and devout in thier religion, only they view the afterlife as centering more on ones inner light than on ones external beliefs. The afterlife is believed to be one of learning and of understanding. .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5 , .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5 .postImageUrl , .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5 , .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5:hover , .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5:visited , .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5:active { border:0!important; } .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5:active , .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5 .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5f5345371b20a929ffd9acc9f78dc9e5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Albert Einstein Essay About Birth Control Where the questions of the universe will finally rest. Voodoo also teaches that should one gain access here, their past life will not influence their Ti Bon Ange (little guardian angel) which is the human part of the soul.(The other part, Gros Bon Ange, big guardian angel, being one’s conscience and what allows corporeal life) Voodoo contains distinct denominations, but the root faith is constant. The most wide spread voodoo is Yoruban, of orthadox voodoo. The seperations in voodoo varies in the importance of ceremony and the roles of thier clergy. Makaya and Kongo Rite voodoos follow the same structure, but are less rigiorus in ceremony and clergy do not possess such influence. Santeria is an offshoot of voodoo which has grown considerably in Cuba. The Santeria religion is structured tightly after Catholicism, while the objects of worship are the Dahomey, children of Obatala. They are worshipped in ways similier to the treatment of Catholic saints. The religion varies from traditional voodoo in the fact that it still remains secretive and prefers to remain seperated from outside religions. Santeria has no defined structures and the role of priests or priestesses are small if even there in Santeria communities. This is most likely due to the restriction of religious freedom in Cuba. Santeria has recently spread significantly in Miami and New York. Though attempting to remain separate, there exposure and positive influence have shed great positive light on Voodoo. The mystique of voodoo has remained though action to dispell the negative connotations has made great advancements. A common word association with voodoo yields; Haiti, voodoo dolls, zombies, and tools often associated with black magic. Though orthadox voodoo does not practice the arts of voodoo dolls or envoking zombies, but the origins of both are quite intrigueing. Voodoo dolls were used as a mean of cursing or hexing an individual, most commonly a plantation owner. No current Shango or Mambo (priest or priestess) condones this act or grants it validity. It was never practiced religious and is primarily a folklore that has been abandoned by legitimate voodoo. No cases of violence have been linked to voodoo dolls. The term zombie means an individual who is resurrected after death by a voodoo priest or priestess. This resurrected individual will possess typical superhuman traits often associated with the undead in folklore (superhuman strength, resistance to injury). The zombie will be bound to his resurrectors will. In actuality, a zombie was a person gravely ill who was administered heavy narcotics as a means to keep them alive. In the poorly industrialized areas where voodoo emerged, medical utilities were scarce and of poor quality. Often, individuals revived were believed dead. Once resurrected by barely sublethal amounts of strong drugs, the individual would possess enormous strength and resistance to injury equivalent to that of a man on PCP. The individual would also be dependant on the priest to supply thier now life sustaining drug. This dependence is effectivly being bound to a master’s will. In extreme cases the zombie would go through physical effects of drug addiction which leaves the individual looking corpse like. Voodoo has been greatly misrepresented in American society. It is an honorable and thoughtful religion which should be commended for it’s tenacity through history and it’s involvement in the lives of so many. Voodoo is not the stuff myths and horror movies, rather it is a peaceful and loving religion which can benefit many more than only those devout to Obatala. It can be benefiscial to those who care about humanity.

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buy custom Medical Law and Ethics essay Medical negligence proceedings require the claimant to prove the mistakes or failures of the practitioner. This evidence is a crucial step in such lawsuits as they determine and consider the required standard of care. The usual test in law for such medical situations remains concrete for the Bolam test. Mr. Bolams test ethically illustrated a practitioners neglectful nature since it was not fostered by an answerable body able to pass clinical judgment. While there does not exist a case decree associated specifically with non-conformity with of infection control practices, the role of electroconvulsive therapy is an example of the root for the law that determines whether a healthcare expert is prone to punishment after proved neglect of a patients health. The following paper analyzes the role of this test in the course of the Bolam against Friern Hospital Management Committee in 1957, in correspondence with medical law. Literature review: Role of the test Bolam V Friern Hospital Management Committee The problem of the regulation of the peoples significance is the leading cause of the Bolam versus Friern presentation to the Lordships. The case was left up to the two results of the test with the facts in the hands of the trial judge. Firstly, the Bolam against Friern test declared its initial results, claiming that Friern was not informed preoperatively, that the danger of nerve injuries could end in paralysis. A question arose in the midst of the jury concerning the procedure that judges should take towards determining whether the mandatory clinical requirement existed. Therefore, the therapy was carried out. As a result, the test was initially carried out to assist the judges in making a verdict on the case. During the accumulation of the integration of the findings on the case, there was an argument over the potential role of the Bolam versus Friern in human liberties proceedings. The therapy observance did not justify the law behind Bolams voluntary position. Such cases could only be criticized if they were outside the domain of the treatment to be used. The case was presented to the English Lordships through the Bolam test. This test attempted to win the judges side of the litigation through the provision of evidence logical and accountable actions of the practitioner. Particulars of the test presented during the proceedings inclue the Bolam versus Friern Hospital Management Committee. The test was able to approve that it as neither logical nor accountable for a practitioner not to talk about the threat of impotence from rectal surgical procedure. A noteworthy threat that would have an impact on Bolams opinion would be a physicians task to inform the patient of the tests possible risks. The test provided results confirmed the significance of such information to Bolam. Friern Hospital Management Committee was believed to have ignored this issue, and if correctly cautioned, she would not have agreed to the surgery, and avoid the injury caused. Even though the test could not dispute the failure to caution Bolam, the committees position had been described by the therapists failure to issue muscle relaxants from the start. Nevertheless, the judge observed a dissimilar view of the test provided before the case. It was through the test that the judge referred to the committees signs of honesty, and did not try to go that far. These signs satisfied the jury when judging the committees decision. Therefore, the test certifies as facts proven for causation. Results of the Bolam V Friern Hospital Management Committee test It is evident that any novel psychological health legislation is supposed to recognize and cope with these worries. One such resolution might be extending the role of the test, into the therapies that are encompassed by the submission of sections 62 and 63, as discussed by the Hospital Management Committee. The test was indeed carried out and found out to be impossible without muscle relaxants and tying the patient to the bed. Whilst the findings in this case had doubts concerning its common alterations to the practice of mandatory therapy for patients under arrest, the test managed to cause propositions for amendments to the current practitioners negligence act. The test pushed for rigorous changes in the act, promoting the restriction of the independence of patients. The abolition of the treatability analysis was also part of the findings made by the test. The treatability analysis was believed to be to make Bolam be held in custody under the MHA, and devoid of any apparent health benefit. The introduction of a monitored community treatment was also part of the results of the test, and was found to be contentiouus. Therefore, Bolam, while under detainment, would subsequently have to be evoked back to the medical facility, once released to the community, and reject medication. This way, Bolam, who needed extra remedies and physicians advice, would have been controlled to lower and prevent cases of suicide and inflicting harm on other people in the community. The evidence provides from the test faced certain conflicts as to the point the electroconvulsive therapy conducted on Mr. Bolam while at the medical institute. The outcomes of the therapy were certainly not valid since the treatment was not finished and the severity of the injuries imposed on Mr. Bolam. The sensory disturbance caused on his nervous, skeletal and circulatory system were considered invalid since the practitioners involved in the test did not administer him with muscle relaxants. Being a volunteer served Mr. Bolam as a point of ruling over the practitioners cause of belief that he did not pay for the therapy. In accordance with medical law, ethical considerations comprise of civil liberties for people under a marginalized sphere of influence. The therapy conducted on Bolam moved the locus of the psychological health regulations. Mr. Bolam was not aware of the consequences of faulty hazards that could result from the test. The Friern Hospital Management Committee violated clinical regulations addressed by the jury during the proceedings, and breached guidance decrees expressed in the Socio-Legal Studies Association Ethical Code s and principles. Conclusion Over and above any general lawful responsibilities, the General Medical Council of 1995 points out fourteen precise expertise responsibilities, with their own guidelines, that assist physicians such as the one responsible for Mr. Bolams injuries. As part of national medical law, the duties of a practitioner are seen as being owed to an exact patient. The regulations and its principles do not recognize any such affiliations; making third party individuals involved in the doctors duty of care emphasize their efforts on the healthcare of individuals. While there does not exist a case decree associated specifically with non-conformity with of infection control practices, the role of electroconvulsive therapy is an example of the root for the law that determines whether a healthcare expert is prone to punishment after proved neglect of a patients health. Buy custom Medical Law and Ethics essay

Anxiety Among Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy

Anxiety Among Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy REVIEW OF LITERATURE The review of literature in a research report is a summary of current knowledge about a particular practice- problem. (Nancy (b) patients with a moderate level of treatment anxiety before radiation therapy reported no change; and (c) patients with low levels of anxiety reported significant increase. The study concludes that patients who were either low or high in state anxiety were also characterized by more anger or hostility than patients with moderate level of treatment anxiety. Hans Geinitz, FrankB (2003) conducted a study to evaluate fatigue 2.5ÂÂ  years after radiation treatment in patients with breast cancer and to assess its relation to pre- and immediate post-treatment fatigue values. Totally 41 patients were included in this study whose fatigue value was evaluated during the time of radiation therapy. Out of these 41 patients, 38 were alive and free of cancer 2.5ÂÂ  years after radiation therapies, received the Fatigue Assessment Questionnai re, a visual analog scale on fatigue intensity as well as on cancer-related distress scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Health Survey per mail. All 38 patients returned their questionnaires. The values were compared to pretreatment and immediate post-treatment levels. Cancer-related distress values correlated with the patient fatigue scores. Results showed that Patients with functional impairment had slightly higher fatigue values. Patients with pretreatment elevated fatigue, anxiety or depression levels were at high risk for chronic fatigue.

Tariffs and Quotas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Tariffs and Quotas - Essay Example There are many basic similarities between the tariff and the quota, particularly in the way they both relate directly to economic relations within and without a nation; there are several basic differences as well, however, which determine which of these strategies should be employed in any particular situation. Figure 1 lists the ways in which tariffs and quotas and the same and different. Originally speaking, tariffs were imposed in early empires and principalities; ancient Germanic, Slavic and Arabic societies imposed tariffs on imported goods to protect their own established, small economies while simultaneously strengthening trading ties and making beneficial political and economic connections with other parts of the world (Heichelheim, 1957, p. 111). It was the foresight of ancient society leaders that has led to the current state of international trade and helped formulate the basis for contemporary economics. Revenue tariffs essentially help to maintain the structure of a local economy despite the influx of foreign goods and produce; some countries have little income and must rely on tariffs to keep their economies stable (Howard, 2001, p.226). Quotas were introduced in cultures such as the Az... the establishment of the Soviet Union as a way to unite the workers and ensure that everyone was doing their part to keep the economy running (Vaillant, 1962, p.190; Ellman and Kontorovich, 1998, p.221). The idea of the tariff is also quite ancient because since the very beginning of human society there has always existed competition between different groups of people. Despite friendly relations, certain products and produce that is available to one group may not be available to the other, and so trade is a natural occurrence between communities, cities, regions and countries. Figure 1 Tariffs and Quotas ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' * Can pertain to international trade ' ' ' * Responsible for national revenue ' ' ' * Regulate local economy ' SIMILARITIES ' * Regulate international economy ' ' ' * Both can strengthen international trade ties ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' * Tariffs are always used in terms of ' ' ' international trade, whereas; ' DIFFERENCES ' * Quotas may relate directly to internal ' ' production ' ' ' * Tariffs can greatly impact foreign economy ' ' * Quotas create revenue for local sellers ' ' * Tariffs create revenue for the government ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' The Tariff Strictly speaking, a tariff is the tax that is placed on a foreign import upon its entry into another country. There are three basic types of tariff: revenue, protective and prohibitive tariffs. Each of these serves a specific purpose within the economy and is responsible for bringing in money from different market sectors with overseas origins. The imposition of tariffs on various imported goods ensures that the nation that imports

Spyware and Implementing Network Security to Prevent it Essay

Spyware and Implementing Network Security to Prevent it - Essay Example Spyware may collect different types of information. Some variants attempt to track the websites a user visits and then send this information to an advertising agency. More malicious variants attempt to intercept passwords or credit card numbers as a user enters them into a web form or other application. The scourge of spyware is going to be here for quite a while, simply because the attacker make so much money from it. An attacker can make a dollar or more per month per infected system by using spyware to inject pop-up ads, Spam and other annoyances. Therefore, attackers have a vested interest to constantly adapt their software and make it ever more stealthy and sticky. Additionally, the stakes are even higher if the attacker can steal credit card or bank account information. What weve seen in the past three years is the growth of a spyware industry that spins off millions of dollars. That money is often folded back into research and development for more malicious attacks. This R&D funding makes their software even more powerful and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. As spyware continues to threaten the stability of corporate infrastructures, its crucial to understand how this malicious software works and how to defend against it. This assignment is a compilation of resources that explain what spyware is, how it attacks and most importantly what you can to do to win the war on spyware. Spyware is any technology that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge. On the Internet where it is sometimes called a spybot or tracking software, spyware is programming that is put in someones computer to secretly gather information about the user and relay it to advertisers or other interested parties. Spyware can get in a computer as a software virus or as the result of installing a new program. Some common examples of spyware are CoolWebSearch (CWS), Gator

IKEA - Case Study Essay Example for Free

IKEA Case Study Essay Synopsis of the situation IKEA (Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd) is a privately held, international home products company that designs and sells ready-to-assemble furniture, appliances and home accessories. The company is now the worlds largest furniture retailer. IKEA was founded in 1943 by 17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad in Sweden, named as an acronym comprising the initials of the founders name (Ingvar Kamprad), the farm where he grew up (Elmtaryd), and his home parish. Kamprad started the company at his home as a mail order company. He sold goods which he purchased from low priced sources and then advertized in a newsletter to local shopkeepers. In 1948 he added in his catalogue furniture. Furniture was a success so he gave up the small items and focused only on furniture. In 1951 he opened the first display store in nearby Almhult where the customers could preview and inspect products and then order from the catalogue. This was also an immediate success as people travelled even from Stockholm to visit the store. This led IKEA to stop accepting mail orders. Now, the IKEA strategy is to publish a yearly catalogue, distribute it to the clients and encourage them to visit the store name (Barlett, Ghoshal, Beamish, 2008). The sales take off in the late 50s led IKEA to look abroad for new sources of supply as the local industry could not respond to the demand. In 1961, IKEA outsourced production to furniture factories in Poland. Poland became IKEAs largest source and lowered significantly the production costs. This allowed IKEA to reduce its prices even more. The success in Poland led IKEA to adopt a general principle that it should mot own its means of production but should look for suppliers with whom it should develop close long term relationships. Building on the first stores success, the first store in Stockholm opened in 1965. Even before that, in 1963, IKEA operated a store in Oslo. Other  countries followed and today IKEA operates 313 stores in 38 countries, most of them in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia (IKEA, 2010). Some of IKEAs competitive advantages are that the brand is associated with simple, low cost,  stylish products. The concept was furnishing products and house-wares that had wide appeal to a variety of markets and segments, both consumer and the business market exclusively. Both markets were looking for well styled, high quality furniture that reasonably priced and readily available. Also, IKEA developed a model for the business, where it was able to keep costs low. From the customer point of view, they were able to buy low cost furniture, even though they had to assemble and collect the flat-packed furniture from stores. IKEA to was able to reduce costs, as this costly part of the value chain was carried out by the customer. Adding to that, IKEA promoted the Swedish lifestyle. Many people associate Sweden with a fresh, healthy way of life. This Swedish lifestyle is reflected in the IKEA product range. The freshness of the open air is reflected in the colors and materials used and the sense of space they create: blond woods, natural textiles and untreated surfaces. Also IKEA stores promote Swedish food and products. IKEAs low-priced restaurant and grocery shop have made IKEA Swedens leading food exporter. However, global expansion was not without problems for IKEA. During the 1980s environmental problems arose with some of IKEAs products and during the 1990s IKEA was accused that its suppliers were using child labor. In the 1980s the formaldehyde regulations passed in Denmark caused problems to IKEA. After the discovery that some of its products emitted more formaldehyde than the legislation allowed the company was fined. The company responded and established stringent requirements regarding formaldehyde emissions. Even though, the problem did not vanish as in 1992 a German investigation team found that an IKEA bookcase had higher emissions that the ones allowed by the German law. Since then, IKEA has improved its procedures to evaluate the environmental impact of its products. Currently, IKEA uses a tool called the ‘e-Wheel’ to evaluate the environmental impact of its products. The e-Wheel  helps IKEA to analyze the four stages within the life of a product. This also helps suppliers improve their understanding of the environmental impact of the products they are supplying (The Times 100). Next, the issue with child labor arose in 1994 when a Swedish television documentary showed children in Pakistan working at weaving looms. IKEA was one of the several Swedish companies that were mentioned as importers of carpets from Pakistan. IKEA was unaware of the problem and tried to respond by sending a legal team to Geneva  for input and advice from the International Labor. Association(ILO). IKEA discovered that child labor was not illegal in these countries so the only way to handle the problem was by adding a clause for child labor in their contracts and outsource the monitoring of this clause to a third party company. But it seems that this measure was not effective enough, as in 2007, Anders Dahlvig, the multi-nationals Chief Executive Officer, admitted that some of the companys products were still produced using child labor (Wadsworth, 2007). Key Issues and Players The key players in this case are the IKEA company and its suppliers. In order to keep its competitive advantage IKEA outsources its product manufacturing to third party suppliers throughout the world. But, this practice is often the source of many issues. Many times the legislation in these countries does not match the standards and the ethical values of the western developed countries which are the main customer base of the company. This fact can cause issues like weak environmental policies or child labor that hurt the public image of the company. This has direct effect on the companys sales. Problem The main problem that IKEA faces nowadays is the uncontrolled child labor in countries which supply the company with carpets. Child labor in countries like India and Pakistan is a common phenomenon. The company lacks effective ways to control its suppliers in these countries. At the same time, child  labor is socially acceptable in these places as poverty pushes people to find ways to survive. So the company cannot rely on the local authorities for help. Also, any attempts on behalf of IKEA to control this issue didnt seem to succeed. Alternative Solutions A possible solution for controlling the child labor for IKEA is to cancel any contracts with suppliers in countries that do not adopt the convention 138 of ILO, that deals with the child labor issues. This way IKEA will be able to get assistance for child labor issues from local authorities since it will be prohibited by local laws. Another solution would be to come to more strict agreements with the suppliers and launch intensive controls for the effectuation of the agreement. Selected Solution The selected solution is IKEA to enhance its agreements with the suppliers and intensify its controls against child labor. The company should appoint inspectors in these countries that would inspect the suppliers and report the situation on frequent basis Results and Rationale of the Solution The cancelation of the contracts does not seem a rational choice at the moment because it will have a big cost for the company. The company will need to find new suppliers in other countries with higher labor cost and doubtable product quality. This is a move with higher risk and cost that the selected solution. Positive and Negative Results The positive results of the selected solution are that the child labor issues will decrease and the companys profile will be protected. The negative results are that the companys cost will increase as inspection staff will be hired to perform the inspections and some contracts will need to be canceled due to failure to adhere to the conditions of the contract by the suppliers References Barlett, C., Ghoshal, S., Beamish, P. (2008). Transnational Management. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. Building a sustainable supply chain. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2010, from The Times 100: http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studybuilding-a-sustainable-supply-chain110-279-3.php IKEA. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2010, from IKEA: http://www.ikea.com/ms/sv_SE/about_ikea/facts_and_figures/ikea_group_stores/index.html Wadsworth, M. (2007, May 22). IKEA exposed over child Labour and green issues. Retrieved November 27, 2010, from The Latest: http://www.the-latest.com/ikea-slammed-over-child-labour-andgreen-issues

Aeneid :: essays research papers

The Greek and Roman spirit influenced the book Aeneid in many ways. Virgil made Aeneas' behavior such that he was fully qualified to be called a Roman hero. Aeneas reflected very few Greek traits. He was very much the "Roman hero."Greek heroes were very different from Roman heroes. Will Durant, author of Caesar and Christ says, "It (the Aeneid) would also show the role of Roman character in these achievements and seek to make ancient virtues popular, it would picture its hero as reverent of the gods and guided by them and would fall in as Augusta reformation of morals and faith" (239).Greek heroes were well rounded. Greeks would study music, dancing, rhetoric, philosophy, mathematics, physical training, and military science. Studying rhetoric, philosophy, and mathematics made Greeks more useful citizens. The Greeks two main beliefs were: know thyself, and nothing in excess. Greeks strove for arete`. According to Hastings "arete` is excellence". Roman heroes were considered great because of their achievements on the battle field. Even though the Roman and Greek minds are greatly different they have a few similarities. Both the Romans and Greeks had 1polis. They did, however, have different definitions of home. The one thing remains constant is that they would both risk their lives to reach home. Aeneas had to risk his life to journey from Troy to reach Italy where Rome was established. To the Romans, the state had to be placed above ones needs. The Greek definition of home is more family. Both the Roman and the Greeks respected and feared their gods. Aeneas had gods helping and hindering him. The goddess Juno was Aeneas' enemy. Juno often interfered with Aeneas' life. Juno tried to prevent Aeneas from reaching his goal. Aeneas' goal was to establish Rome. The Greeks believed that anything that was pointless was like punishment. Like the Greeks, the Romans could see little sense in doing something that had no definite conclusion.As said before, Greeks had a strong dedication to their city-state. Aeneas had to reach Italy where Rome was established. Greeks believed in nothing in excess. This is shown in the Aeneid when Aeneas and his crew landed on the island, they found a Greek who was accidentally left behind. Instead of killing him, Aeneas treated him fairly. Aeneas showed self-control.Romans preferred war. It was in their nature to fight. They were raised to battle. Romans were not well rounded, their main or only study growing up was physical training and military science.

Fin 515 Week 4 Homework Assignment

FIN 515 WEEK 4 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT (7–2) Constant Growth Valuation Boehm Incorporated is expected to pay a $1. 50 per share dividend at the end of this year (i. e. , D1 = $1. 50). The dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 7% a year. The required rate of return on the stock, rs, is 15%. What is the value per share of Boehm’s stock? For this problem we can use the formula from the book P=d1(R-G) to find the price. We just need to plug in the values†¦ so, 1. 5/(8% [15-7]). The value is 18. 75. (7–4) Preferred Stock ValuationNick’s Enchiladas Incorporated has preferred stock outstanding that pays a dividend of $5 at the end of each year. The preferred sells for $50 a share. What is the stock’s required rate of return? From the book we discover that we simply need to plug into the formula, r=5/50. The required rate of return should be 10 percent. (7–5) Nonconstant Growth Valuation A company currently pays a dividend of $2 per sha re (D0 = $2). It is estimated that the company’s dividend will grow at a rate of 20% per year for the next 2 years, then at a constant rate of 7% thereafter. The company’s stock has a beta of 1. , the risk-free rate is 7. 5%, and the market risk premium is 4%. What is your estimate of the stock’s current price? I used the financial calculator online for this problem, but we can find it manually†¦ To solve this problem we need to first calculate the required rate of return, which is Rs=Rf+B(Rrm-Rrf), so 7. 5+(11. 5-7. 5)*1. 2=12. 3†¦ So, D0 would be 2, D1 would be 2. 4, D2 would be 2. 88, and D3 would be 3. 08. We then have to calculate the PV for the dividends, which is 4. 42. We have to calculate P2, which came out to 46. 10. After adding up the PV values we get the stock’s price which is 50. 0, or at least that’s what I got†¦ (9-1) After-Tax Cost of Debt Calculate the after-tax cost of debt under each of the following conditions: à ¢â‚¬ ¢a. Interest rate of 13%, tax rate of 0% To calculate, take 0. 13*(1-0), we get 13 percent. †¢b. Interest rate of 13%, tax rate of 20% To calculate, take 0. 13*(1-0. 20), we get 10. 4 percent. †¢c. Interest rate of 13%, tax rate of 35% To calculate, take 0. 13*(1-0. 35), we get 8. 45 percent. (9-4) Cost of Preferred Stock with Flotation Costs Burnwood Tech plans to issue some $60 par preferred stock with a 6% dividend. A similar stock is selling on the market for $70.Burnwood must pay flotation costs of 5% of the issue price. What is the cost of the preferred stock? We’re given the par value, the divident percentage, the market value of the stock, and the flotation costs, and are looking for the cost. The ADP of the preferred stock is 6 percent*60, which comes out to 3. 60. The cost of Preferred Stock can be calculated as (Preferred stock dividend/MP of Preferred Stock*(1-FC)†¦ We just need to plug in the numbers, so you get basically (60*. 06)/70*(1-0. 05 )†¦ calculating that out, the cost of preferred stock should be 5. 1 percent. (9-5) Cost of Equity: DCF Summerdahl Resort’s common stock is currently trading at $36 a share. The stock is expected to pay a dividend of $3. 00 a share at the end of the year (D1 = $3. 00), and the dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 5% a year. What is its cost of common equity? For this problem, we are to use the equation r=(D1/P0)+g†¦ Since we are given the P0, D1, and G (36,3,0. 05) we are looking for r†¦ so, just plug-and-chug. Comes out to 13. 3 percent. (9-6) Cost of Equity: CAPM Booher Book Stores has a beta of 0. 8.The yield on a 3-month T-bill is 4% and the yield on a 10-year T-bond is 6%. The market risk premium is 5. 5%, and the return on an average stock in the market last year was 15%. What is the estimated cost of common equity using the CAPM? For this one, looked to me like we need to use the formula Rs=Rrf+Bi(RPm)†¦ Like the last problem, we are g iven all the values except one. Plugging-and-chugging again, I got 0. 06+0. 8*(0. 055), came out to 10. 4 percent. (9-7) WACC Shi Importer’s balance sheet shows $300 million in debt, $50 million in preferred stock, and $250 million in total common equity.Shi’s tax rate is 40%, rd = 6%, rps = 5. 8%, and rs = 12%. If Shi has a target capital structure of 30% debt, 5% preferred stock, and 65% common stock, what is its WACC? So, for this problem we need to find the WACC which can be found by the formula (Wd)*(Rd)*(1-T)+(Wps)*(Rps)+(Wce)(Rs)†¦ We are again given most of the values, so it’s plug-and-chug from here on, pretty much. Debt is 0. 30, PS is 0. 05, Equity is 0. 65, Rd is 0. 06, T is 0. 40, Rps is 0. 058, and Rs is 0. 12†¦ So when plugged it looks like: (0. 30*0. 06*(1-0. 40))+0. 05*0. 058+0. 65*0. 12, and that came out to 9. 17 percent.

Learning from Mass Media Campaigns for Hiv/Aids Prevention

Learning from Mass Media Campaigns for HIV/AIDS Prevention Reviews of mass media campaigns have a special interest for me. They demonstrate what can be done, and as importantly, what cannot be done, by relying on a 1P approach. I have talked about the 5% Solution before, and noted another review of mass media campaigns for changing health behaviors. This post focuses on the findings from a review of recent campaigns to prevent HIV/AIDS. What is interesting in this report are the comparisons it draws to reviews of earlier campaigns in this area as well as the current state of the art and science.The authors used seven principles to guide their analysis: (1) conducting formative research on and about the target audience; (2) using theory as a conceptual foundation; (3) segmenting one’s audience into meaningful subgroups; (4) using a message design approach that is targeted to the audience segment(s); (5) utilizing effective channels widely viewed by and persuasive with the targe t audience; (6) conducting process evaluation and ensuring high message exposure; and (7) using a sensitive outcome evaluation design that reduces threats to internal validity and allows causal inferences about campaign impact to be made.The question they explore is: to what extent have recent HIV/AIDS campaigns in the literature adhered to these principles? Noar et al (2009) began with a search of peer-reviewed articles appearing from late 1998 through October 2007. Mass media had to be a central or prominent part of a campaign that focused on increasing safer sexual behaviors, reducing risky sexual behaviors, or encouraging HIV testing.At least one outcome measure had to be reported; 38 articles were identified that met these criteria, representing 34 different campaigns. The results on the variables of interest were: Formative research – 16 of the 34 studies (47%) reported any type of research with the audience or pretesting of messages. the most commonly reported activity was research about campaign messages, including pretesting messages or examining message preferences of members of the target audience.Only two studies used formative research to develop or test their outcome measures (a neglected part of the research process in too many studies). Using theory – 44% reported using theory, most often the Health Belief Model, Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior, Social Cognitive Theory, the Transtheoretical Model and Stages of Change and the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model. Audience segmentation – 94% (all but 2) described an approach to audience segmentation.Message design – very few campaigns used theory to guide development of persuasive messages. The authors note that while behavioral theories can suggest the type of content to include, HOW that content is formed into messages is often approached without explicit reference to relevant theoretical models such as message framing, emotional appeals, sensation-see king, elaboration likelihood model and the use of narratives.Channels – 21% used a single media channel with television, radio and print media being the channel of choice. The remaining campaigns used other channels (billboards, brochures, Internet, newsletters) and a variety of promotional materials such as baseball cards, postcards, condom packs; a variety of interpersonal strategies including peer education and skill-building workshops and hotlines; and some also included community partners, coalitions and community mobilization in their activities.Process Monitoring – 82% of the campaigns reported audience exposure to messages, with a mean exposure of 77% of the targeted audience (a range of 35% – 100%). There was little reporting of frequency of exposure to campaign messages, and when those data were reported, it was difficult to make comparisons across studies. Outcomes – Pre-Post test designs using independent sampling were employed by a plurality of the campaigns (13 of the 34, or 38%). Eleven studies used only a post-test measure.The authors note that this means that 70% of the campaigns used weak outcome evaluation designs. In 24 of the campaigns (71%) behavioral outcomes were reported, most often either condom use or HIV/STD testing. Among the studies that used stronger designs (the other 30%), only 2 of the 10 found no statistically significant effects. Six studies reported significant changes in outcomes including talked with others about safer sex, continued abstinence, initiated condom use, increased condom use, reduced number of sexual partners, or were tested for HIV.The other two reported changes in behavioral intentions (for example, to use condoms and shifts in stages of change). The authors conclude that, when compared to another review of this literature in 2000, HIV/AIDS mass communication campaigns are increasingly: (1) targeting defined audiences developed through audience segmentation procedures; (2) design ing campaign themes around behavior change (rather than solely knowledge or attitude change – though given their selection criteria, this is hardly surprising); (3) using ehavioral theories to inform campaign design; (4) achieving higher message exposure to campaign messages; (5) using stronger quasi-experimental designs with control groups for outcome evaluation (although still far too few studies use these stronger designs); and (6) including measures of behavior change (or behavioral intentions) in outcome assessments. This review highlights how mass communication efforts for HIV/AIDS prevention have shifted from general awareness and knowledge outcomes to ones more tightly focused on achieving behavioral changes among defined segments of the population.While formative research has become commonplace, there are relatively few studies that use research designs that allow for drawing strong conclusions from their findings. This latter point does not mean that research design s must be randomized controlled studies, but as the authors note, even the addition of control groups or using time-series with control communities help address the question of whether there are alternative explanations for the observed effects (for example, that the respondents are not simply placating researchers with favorable or socially desirable responses to their questions).Social marketing is more than mass communication campaigns, but we often use mass media in conjunction with products and services, providing incentives and reducing costs of engaging in new behaviors, and increasing access and opportunities to perform these behaviors. Learning what works with mass media is important, but as other reviews have pointed out, it is not enough to achieve public health outcomes.Some marketers will note that health communication planners have adopted our practices of segmentation, targeting behavior change and using formative research. However, the importance of using theories th at fit the problem of designing persuasive messages is one important takeaway. The other takeaway is the challenge of designing better studies to assess outcomes.Thinking about using comparison populations, or simply delaying intervention among some priority groups while continuing to assess important outcomes, can help us demonstrate that we have more than a very elaborate, and perhaps even effective, placebo. Reference: Noar, S. M. , Palmgreen, P. , Chabot, M. , Dobransky, N. & Zimmerman, R. S. (2009). A 10-year systematic review of HIV/AIDS mass communication campaigns: Have we made progress. Journal of Health Communication, 14: 15-42. 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Identity, Culture, and Organisation

Identity, Culture, and Organisation Introduction Organisations have recently encountered forces from some sources that encompass rivals, shareholders, and clients, which have caused them to adopt a â€Å"lean on mean† policy. For workers, this move has caused rationalisation and cutting back every expression demonstrating real or potential unemployment. Irrespective of the expression selected, this tendency has made many employees to reconsider concerns of dedication, faithfulness, and the identity of workers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Identity, Culture, and Organisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The usual mental treaty was typically relational with shared confidence supposedly at the core of the union between workers and employers (Gioia et al. 2010). In line with this comprehension, workers at National Health Service in the United Kingdom showed faithfulness and dedication whereas employers provided job security, future of the pro fession, as well as training and development. The sense of the new psychological treaty argument affirms that there exists a decrease in the dedication and fading away of identity with bosses. The notion of reduced identity has also been studied in academic literature, which discloses that identity in organisations is associated with motivation, confidence, dedication, and nationality (Zachary et al. 2011). Due to identity in organisations, there could be a great improvement in performance. In academic research, there are two different points of views, viz. the view of multiple identities and that of trade off. This paper discusses these two competing perspectives in the context of National Health Service and explores the function of identity dynamics at occupations, stating their significance, and elucidating them theoretically. Organisational identity At the level of an individual worker in the National Health Service, the termination of organisational mooring lines denotes the la ck of logic, belonging, and management, and thus the optional focal points for identity have turned out to be higher-flying. There are implications that workers presently focus on the externalities of organisations with adherences to the line of work or the internalities of organisations in the form of occupation or project teams. Therefore, apparently the concern of identity has recently turned out to be more intricate with dissimilar concentrations on identity (Clark et al. 2010). Research vividly offers varying concentrations on identity and loyalty with the occupation or career. Additionally, numerous academic advancements exist in the National Health Service though there is a lack of empirical activities specifically concerning the subject of nested identities. Two different points of view can be obtained from abiding academic research (Ravasi Phillips 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15 % OFF Learn More One of the viewpoints presents multiple identities and affirms that varying concentrations of identity do not require being in a contest, but are in agreement with one another. People might identify with their direct co-workers, identify with the standards of their bosses, and as well feel dedicated towards their occupation (Ashforth, Rogers Corley 2011). A good example that can demonstrate this assertion is the case of a physician who may closely identify with co-workers in the healthcare sector, identify with the standards and goals of the National Health Service (NHS), and have loyalty and links with the health profession. A different viewpoint proposes that trade offs associations exist amid various centres of identity (Grimes 2010). In this regard, when a person identifies with his or her medical co-workers it is at the cost of the career and organisation. In an attempt to revisit the medical correlation, if a physician identifies with his or h er medical professional co-workers, it complies with the fact that the state of identity with the NHS and medical career reduces. Role of identity dynamics at work Delineating and considering identity in National Health Service Identity in the National Health Service has become a significant theoretical lens to discuss the association involving a worker and boss and in addition, it has been identified as a cognitive association between the description of the organisation and the description of self. Essentially, powerful identities in organisations come up when people integrate the discernment of the standards of the employer into their own point of view (Schreyà ¶gg Sydow 2010). Therefore, personal and organisational standards are well suited. A progression like that comes up from two approaches. One of the approaches is the similarities with a boss where people choose to join organisations whose standards equal their own established convictions (Edwards Edwards 2012). The secon d approach is emulation where the individual convictions of a person vary in the course of employment to turn out to be strongly matched with those of their boss. The theoretical foundation of the work in the sector focuses on the theories of social identity and self-categorisation. Organisational identity assesses the progression of the way workers describe themselves via their association with the boss (Dutton, Roberts Bednar 2010). The practice of identification in the National Health Service fundamentally hails from social evaluations between employees and their characteristic groups. Therefore, identity is outlined by the awareness of employees that they belong to particular social groups in conjunction with a number of psychological and value importance to them of their group devotion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Identity, Culture, and Organisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Concisely, people descri be themselves by getting into social sets that carry significance to them; for instance, physicians could describe themselves as partaking in a health profession whose objective is to assist in taking care of individuals in the society (DeRue Ashford 2010). Additionally, physicians will participate in the health career, which is an impressive profession, and thus in this manner boost their confidence and self-identity. In a bid to elucidate the identity of a person, a second practice of social evaluations arises between groups. Individuals in a similar social group are viewed to be compatible (Balmer 2008). In this regard, dissimilarities with other individuals are augmented, thus resulting into the uniqueness and attractiveness of the groups of compatible individuals. The insinuation of the practice of social identity is that people describe themselves via group membership and assign to features of the group, and thus the more powerful the identity, the more the mind-sets and cond uct of a person are controlled by the standards of the group. Organisational identity is a precise demonstration of social individuality (Arendt Brettel 2010). Organisational identity has normally been associated with three interrelated aspects namely: Constructive organisational fit Emotional dedication Internalisation The difference between organisational identity and the outlined aspects is that organisational identity is self-definitional (Scott 2007). Therefore, employees possess organisational standards and convictions instead of merely embracing them. Research on identity Currently, the idea of organisational identity has focussed on two major themes. One of the themes is the roots of identity and the other is the connotations of organisational identity (Weber Dacin 2011). Research has revealed that particular aspects boost organisational identity in the National Health Service with the likelihood that the identity of employees with their boss is higher if: Members of a group are compatible with them Organisational standards are similar to personal standards Term increases The personal characteristics imply a higher inclination to identify with the organisation (Tlili 2008) There is little or no conflict involving group identities As aforementioned, many studies have examined the results of organisational identity. Research on organisational identity has also revealed that organisational recognition constructively relates to job satisfaction and motivation and it negatively relates to turnover objectives as well as real turnover (McLeish Oxoby 2011). Theoretical explanations The Rising Organisational Identity Programme As emphasised earlier, some variations to the employment affiliation have cropped up and brought about restored identification with career and workgroups (Powell 2007). A significant topic that has not been adequately studied is the character of the affiliation between career, group identity, and identity of the organisation (Roone y et al. 2010). Future research should aim at demonstrating whether identities are corresponding and matching or whether strong recognition with the career could occur at the cost of other kinds of identity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The argument of multiple identities In self-identity studies, it has been suggested that a person will be a member of numerous social groups with all of them partaking in the general sense of identity. Nevertheless, â€Å"these identities will not bear identical meaning or value and could be organised subconsciously in a nested structure; therefore, employees may embrace multiple identities† (Ahlgren Tett 2010, p.25). In the case of a National Health Service, multiple identities could arise from affiliations with the organisation, co-workers, career, or departments. In an excellent situation, standards and convictions of these unique societies will be corresponding and mutually buttressing (Edwards Peccei 2010). Therefore, an employee will identify with various kinds of identities like those with the group, career, and organisation. The argument of trade off The connection involving career and organisational identity Due to the lack of a strong relationship within Nationa l Health Service, workers have deliberately taken up optional basis of identity. The standard organisational term has decreased, but workers stay in the same occupation for elongated terms and thus identify with lasting social group, viz. their career (Christian 2011). In brief, a higher trade off involving career and organisational identity exists. With regard to the downsizing incident, career identity has become more powerful while organisational identity has become weakened. The inconsistencies of recognition for industrial scientists have been studied with professional principles being in disagreement with the ones embraced by their bosses (King, Felin Whetten 2010). This conflict of identities is anchored in the idea that employees are administered by two sources. One of these sources is the managerial standards and cultural principles of the organisation. The second source is the principles of occupational societies, as well as â€Å"collegial management†. This fixati on to a professional society is based on the perception that since â€Å"trained consultants are believed to have interiorised the principles of the career, professions support right to govern their own activity† (Alvesson 2012). Due to hiring trained workers in the National Health Service, workers anticipate a particular degree of independence and the organisation supposes that they will carry on with the occupation at hand. Therefore, the conflict turns out to be a query of reliability between the influences of position in an organisation against the influence of technology, knowledge, and ability. The aforementioned inconsistency presupposes that there will be a clash between organisational and occupational identity (Akerlof Kranton 2005). Nevertheless, the philosophers of organisational identity propose that the affiliation between career and organisational identity in the National Health Service has brought about unconstructive and constructive affiliations. The affili ation involving group and organisational identity Contending literatures disprove enhanced identification with career, but aim at renewed concentration on groupings in organisations. Few practical researches have evaluated these groups, and one of them is the practical research by Haslam in 2004. Haslam (2004) reveals that workers identify more powerfully with their groups as compared to identification with their bosses and in fact, the group is a more powerful forecaster of constructive employee approaches. Haslam’s affirmation hinges on the allegation that identity is more enhanced in smaller groups for they are more probable of structuring distinct societies with common principles due to maintained interaction (Smith 2011). Conclusion Organisational identity has turned out to be a significant topic in organisations, and specifically National Health Service, in the modern age due to the creation of unions and acquirements and the supremacy of organisations where it is prog ressively hard to understand organisational confines. The view of reduced identity has also been studied and unveils that identity in organisations is connected with motivation, confidence, dedication, and nationality. Due to identity in organisations, there could be a great advancement in the performance of National Health Service. In academic studies, two different points of view exist and they consist of the view of multiple identities and the view of trade off. This paper demonstrates that with the increase in organisational identity, there is a corresponding increase in the group and career identities. Similarly, when organisational identity is poor, group as well as career identity will as well be poor (Edwards 2009). Therefore, at the extremes seems to be enhanced occupation-associated identity or poor occupational associated identity. This outcome reveals the authority of characteristics mainly supported by the strong constructive association between the requirement for iden tity and command of organisational identity. Reference List Ahlgren, L Tett, L 2010, ‘Work-based learning, identity and organisational culture’, Studies in Continuing Education, vol. 32 no. 1, pp. 17-27. Akerlof, G Kranton, R 2005, ‘Identity and the Economics of Organisations’, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 19 no. 1, pp. 9-32. Alvesson, M 2012, Understanding organisational culture, Sage, London. Arendt, S Brettel, M 2010, ‘Understanding the influence of corporate social responsibility on corporate identity, image, and firm performance’, Management Decision, vol. 48 no. 10, pp. 1469-1492. Ashforth, B, Rogers, K Corley, K 2011, ‘Identity in organisations: exploring cross-level dynamics’, Organisation science, vol. 22 no. 5, pp. 1144-1156. Balmer, J 2008, ‘Identity based views of the corporation Insights from corporate identity, organisational identity, social identity, visual identity, corporate brand identity and corporate image’, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 42 no. 10, pp. 879-906. Christian, L 2011, ‘Discerning the unique in the universal: the notion of organisation identity’, European Business Review, vol. 23 no. 6, pp. 632-654, Clark, S, Gioia, D, Ketchen, D Thomas, J 2010, ‘Transitional identity as a facilitator of organisational identity change during a merger’, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 55 no. 3, pp. 397-438. DeRue, D Ashford, S 2010, ‘Who will lead and who will follow? A social process of leadership identity construction in organisations’, Academy of Management Review, vol. 35 no. 4, pp. 627-647. Dutton, J, Roberts, L Bednar, J 2010, ‘Pathways for positive identity construction at work: Four types of positive identity and the building of social resources’, Academy of Management Review, vol. 35 no. 2, pp. 265-293. Edwards, M 2009, ‘HR, perceived organisational support and organisational identif ication: an analysis after organisational formation’, Human Resource Management Journal, vol. 19 no. 1, pp. 91-115. Edwards, M Edwards, T 2012, ‘Procedural justice and identification with the acquirer: the moderating effects of job continuity, organisational identity strength and organisational similarity’, Human Resource Management Journal, vol. 22 no. 2, pp. 109-128. Edwards, M Peccei, R 2010, ‘Perceived organisational support, organisational identification, and employee outcomes’, Journal of Personnel Psychology, vol. 9 no. 1, pp. 17-26. Gioia, D, Price, K, Hamilton, A Thomas, J 2010, ‘Forging an identity: An insider-outsider study of processes involved in the formation of organisational identity’, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 55 no. 1, pp. 1-46. Grimes, M 2010, ‘Strategic sensemaking within funding relationships: The effects of performance measurement on organisational identity in the social sector’, Entrepr eneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 34 no. 4, pp. 763-783. Haslam, S 2004, Psychology in organisations, SAGE Publications Limited, London. King, B, Felin, T Whetten, D 2010, ‘Perspective- Finding the organisation in organisational theory: A meta-theory of the organisation as a social actor’, Organisation Science, vol. 21 no. 1, pp. 290-305. McLeish, K Oxoby, R 2011, ‘Social interactions and the salience of social identity’, Journal of Economic Psychology, vol. 32 no. 1, pp. 172-178. Powell, S 2007, ‘Organisational marketing, identity and the creative brand’, Journal of Brand Management, vol. 15 no. 1, pp. 41-56. Ravasi, D Phillips, N 2011, ‘Strategies of alignment Organisational identity management and strategic change’, Strategic Organisation, vol. 9 no. 2, pp. 103-135. Rooney, D, Paulsen, N, Callan, V, Brabant, M, Gallois, C Jones, E 2010, ‘A new role for place identity in managing organisational change’, Managem ent Communication Quarterly, vol. 24 no. 1, pp. 44-73. Schreyà ¶gg, G Sydow, J 2010, ‘CROSSROADS- Organising for Fluidity? Dilemmas of New Organisational Forms’, Organisation Science, vol. 21 no. 6, pp. 1251-1262. Scott, C 2007, ‘Communication and social identity theory: Existing and potential connections in organisational identification research’, Communication Studies, vol. 58 no. 2, pp. 123-138. Smith, E 2011, ‘Identities as lenses: How organisational identity affects audiences evaluation of organisational performance’, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 56 no. 1, pp. 61-94. Tlili, A 2008, ‘The organisational identity of science centres’, Culture Organisation, vol. 14 no. 4, pp. 309-323. Weber, K Dacin, M 2011, ‘The cultural construction of organisational life: Introduction to the special issue’, Organisation Science, vol. 22 no. 2, p. 287. Zachary, M, McKenny, A, Short, J, Davis, K Wu, D 2011, ‘Franc hise branding: an organisational identity perspective’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 39 no. 4, pp. 629-645.

Microsoft report as an organization for Managent Course Essay

Microsoft report as an organization for Managent Course - Essay Example Moreover, Microsoft offers assistance in managing the progress of the organization/company in the following ways: Microsoft is a multinational computer technology corporation that develops, manufactures, certifies and maintains a broad range of software products and services for computing devices. Bill Gates is the founder of the Microsoft Company. The name of the company ‘Microsoft’ is derived from the terms ‘software’ and ‘microcomputer.’ The first international office of Microsoft was established in Japan in 1978, titled ‘ASCII Microsoft.’ In 1981, the firm established an integrated business in Washington (USA). The company is headquarters in Redmond, USA. Today, its most profitable products are the Microsoft Windows operating system and the Microsoft Office suite of productivity software. The primary working system of the Microsoft was founded in 1980. Very soon, the firm started to create numerous new programs and there was no looking back! In 1983, Microsoft developed a residence computer arrangement named MSX. Since then, Microsoft beca me the largest competitor in the business for producing top-of-the-line facilities i.e., the Windows. In 2001 Microsoft launched a personal computer system. Microsoft offers various products and services which are simple, easy-to-use, and accessible for every one. â€Å"HP, the world’s largest technology company, provides printing and personal computing products and IT services, software and solutions that simplify the technology experience for consumers and businesses. HP completed its acquisition of EDS on Aug. 26, 2008.† (New HP products and services enhance Microsoft Virtualization from desktop to data centre, 2010, para.14). In order to satisfy the ever-growing needs of customers, a proper balance must be struck between the knowledge of the customer and what he anticipates from the product

Political systems and economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political systems and economics - Essay Example The society is viewed as a mesh of different people vying for different interests, that the art of reasoning, ruling and governance among the others, is essential to unify the society to act to a common vote, to pursue a certain interest. It explains how the governing political body and its directives affect the collective behavior of the players in the society Economics' parameters are set on scarcity, the use of incentives, the application of efficient economic tools and models, all to satisfy and suffice human's current and future wants and needs. Economics lies on maximizing and making sound decisions to make efficient use of existing scarce resources. Nothing in life is free, as explained by the concept of opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is the value foregone in pursuit of another activity or good of interest. Everything individuals do has a tradeoff. An individual's Economic decisions are motivated by incentives, a mechanism which motivates decisions and activities. Economics is different from political systems in the sense that, economics could go on forever without laying a hand on it to make it work; and in its continuity, it is only susceptible to its own natural dynamics. Politics now depends on the intervention and control of men. While economics seeks to explain occurrences through long-wearing principles, politics is just mainly an experimental, temporary tool in human affairs. "One (economics) is amoral, the other (politics) is moral" ("Economics versus Politics"). Both political science and economics acknowledges the participants in the society's selfish interests, that, control of which is delivered by laws and punishment in lieu of political science, and motivated by incentives and disincentives in lieu of economics. Economics, unlike political science though, is tackled like one of the exact sciences through the use of models, equations and numerical treatment to explain or forecast the situations governing and a society. ("Economics versus Politics") The book chapter is posing the challenges of the economic environment, and such may be seen as problems to solve, to outwit. QUESTION 2: Feudalism is a socio-political system wherein land and land-based assets determine an individual's social status. Land ownership entitles the owners of the manors-now equivalent to villages-exclusive rights to their lands, spending decisions with their money and other assets and administering homage for their serfs and vassals ("Feudalism and Medieval Life"). Serfs, peasants, vassals and landlords are the primary movers in the social structure and the king played only a representative role in the society. Serfs are the tenants sustained by the landowners. They are at the foot of the social structure. They serve their landowners who are responsible for their sustenance. He's devoid of tangible property and his marriage is subject to the landowner's permission ("Feudalism and Medieval Life"). Vassals are the more privileged than serfs. They have a certain amount of freedom although they live poor lives. They comprise 10-60 families living on a community. Landlords or barons ruled the manors, which pertains to the villages during the Middle Ages. The landlords serve as the local administrator of their lands and numerous serfs and vassals serve and protect him, as he is also accountable to them. Due to the Black Plague, The hundred year war and the